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命运共同体：犹太人难以磨灭的上海记忆 | Jews in Shanghai: A Home Away from Home

编者按：9月1日是第二次世界大战爆发80周年纪念日。本期“命运共同体”讲述二战期间躲避种族屠杀的欧洲犹太难民与中国上海之间的渊源。

Editor's note: September 1 marks the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II. In this episode of the "Come Together" series, CGTN looks at the little-known Jewish history of Shanghai where some 20,000 European Jews fled from the Nazi regime to the last place in the world that would welcome them as refugees.

“这片土地上曾经收留过成千上万的犹太难民。我和我的父亲就是其中的一个，”69岁的沙拉?伊马斯指着上海犹太难民纪念馆里自己捐赠的《风雨同舟》雕像动情地说，“这个小小的女孩就是我小时候的象征。这个中国妇女就代表着伟大的中华民族。她是母亲，她保护了我们。”

"This place has sheltered tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, including my father and me," Sara Imas, 69, one of the remaining Jews in Shanghai, told CGTN. "The little girl represents me as a child, and the Chinese woman standing beside 'me' represents the great Chinese nation. She is the mother who loves us and protects us."

黑暗的岁月 An unprecedented tragedy

沙拉?伊马斯与父亲的合影/CGTN视频截屏

“我爸跟我还是挺像的。1962年的4月22号他走的，”在上海居所内，沙拉?伊马斯捧着与父亲的合影，喃喃自语。

"I look very much like my father. He passed away on April 22, 1962," Imas said, as she rubbed a portrait of him at her home in Shanghai.

和许多曾在欧洲生活的犹太人一样，伊马斯的父亲也在二战中经历过一段黑暗的岁月。为了摆脱纳粹的魔爪，伊马斯的父亲不得不背井离乡开始逃亡生涯。更加雪上加霜的是，1938年在法国召开的埃维昂会议旨在解决逃离德国的犹太难民问题，却并未取得任何实质性进展。

Just like many other Jews living in Europe, Sara's father endured a lot of cruelty during World War II. To escape the Nazi regime, he and his Jewish peers had to leave their homeland. Worse still, the évian Conference, which was convened in France in July 1938 to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees fleeing Germany, had little impact on the plight of the refugees.

在那段不堪回首的岁月中，约600万犹太人惨遭种族屠杀。当其他国家对犹太难民紧闭大门时，中国上海却敞开大门接纳了他们。

During this unprecedented tragedy, some six million Jews were killed just because of who they were. While other countries shut their doors to the Jewish refugees, China welcomed them.

“中国人民是非常友善的。她（中国）给了一个生命的接纳。而且在这个难民期间，又生出了很多小的犹太难民的后裔，我就是其中的一个，”伊马斯说。

"Chinese people were very friendly. They embraced the refugees with goodwill and hospitality. During that period, many Jews were born in Shanghai, and I was one of them," said Imas.

至少有500多名犹太难民的后代在上海出生。现年80岁的索尼娅?米尔贝格尔也是其中之一。

At least 500 Jewish babies were born in Shanghai, including Imas. Eighty-year-old Sonja Mühlberger was among them, too.

“当时，我的母亲腹中正怀着我。他们（我的父母）是1939年4月从德国来到上海的。”米尔贝格尔说。“他们几经辗转才来到上海。整个旅程要花将近一个月的时间。”

"My mother was pregnant with me. They [my parents] came from Germany to Shanghai in April 1939," Mühlberger told CGTN. "Then they would travel all the way here to Shanghai. This trip will take about 29 to 30 days. It's about a month."

从1933年到1941年，逃到上海的犹太难民约有2万人。彼时的上海部分地区已被日军占领。太平洋战争爆发后，侵华日军积极配合德国迫害犹太人，划定了无国籍难民限定居住区，迫使上万名犹太难民集中居住在虹口提篮桥区域，即今日的上海犹太人纪念馆所在地。

An estimated some 20,000 Jewish refugees fled to Shanghai between 1933 and 1941. At that time, Japanese troops occupied parts of Shanghai. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese invaders set up a ghetto to force tens of thousands of Jews to live in a stateless refugee-restricted residential area, which is where today's Shanghai Jews Refugees Museum is located.

“有很多中国人也在无国籍难民限定居住区生活。我们与当地居民和谐相处，共渡难关，”米尔贝格尔回忆道。

"The Chinese were also in that designated area, in this overcrowded place, in that surrounding," Mühlberger recalled. "But we had no problems with them."

从此，在上海的犹太难民的命运与中国人的命运交织在了一起。直到1945年，世界反法西斯战争取得胜利，生活在上海的犹太难民们迫不及待地打听着欧洲家人们的消息。不料，噩耗却纷至沓来。尽管故土难离，但举家逃往上海避难却成为欧洲犹太难民最英明的决策。

The fate of the Jewish refugees later became closely intertwined with that of their Chinese counterparts in Shanghai. In 1945, when the world won its war against Fascism, the Jewish refugees in Shanghai started to seek information about their families back in Europe. But with only sad news coming, the Jews in Shanghai soon realized that leaving their homeland, although heartrending, might have been the best decision they ever made.

为了共同的记忆 Shared memories

为了纪念这段历史。2007年，上海虹口区政府在对摩西会堂旧址进行全面修缮的基础上，建立了上海犹太难民纪念馆并向公众开放。

To help preserve their history, the Hongkou District Government opened the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum in 2007 in a renovated Moshe Synagogue inside a former Jewish residential complex.

“我们这个纪念馆是反映了二战时期两万多人长达十年避难生活的这么一个宏大的题材，”上海犹太难民纪念馆馆长陈俭说，“所以这是一个非常有意义有价值的历史事件。”

"Our museum reflects the lives of the more than 20,000 Jewish refugees during World War II," Chen Jian, director of the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, toldCGTN. "This is a very meaningful and valuable history which should never be forgotten."

2014年9月，一座镌刻着13732个名字的上海犹太难民名单墙在上海犹太难民纪念馆揭幕。索尼娅?米尔贝格尔为此投入了大量的时间和精力。

In September 2014, a memorial wall with the names of 13,732 Jewish refugees was erected at the museum. Mühlberger helped collect a considerable amount of them.

“很多人试图（在这面墙上）寻找亲属。我也非常想知道究竟有多少犹太人来到上海避难。我一直没有忘记这个任务，”米尔贝格尔如是说。

"There are so many people trying to find their relatives. I really like to find out how many people arrived in Shanghai as refugees, so this is still in my mind," Mühlberger said.

“我们一定要让这个（犹太）民族所遭遇的这么一段特殊的岁月、特殊的经历让全世界人都知道。然后才能激发起大家对和平的热爱以及为维护世界和平去付出自己的努力，” 上海犹太难民纪念馆馆长陈俭说。

"We should have let the world know about these little-known stories of the Jewish refugees in Shanghai. Then we can inspire everyone's love for peace and encourage everyone to work toward world peace," said Chen.

作为目前所知唯一还留在上海的犹太难民后裔，沙拉?伊马斯用一首原创诗来表达对中国上海和中华民族的感激之情。

As an offspring of the combined history between China and the Jewish refugees who fled to Shanghai, Imas has penned a poem describing how grateful she is to the Chinese people and nation.

其实我可以选择阿尔卑斯

仰望峰峦的白雪 缅怀我的生父

但我选择中国 甘愿做中国大地上那一棵正在努力成长的树 因为我崇敬恩重如山的中华民族

女娲的那一方热土

让我血液沸腾 义无反顾

——沙拉?伊马斯

"Instead of living around the snowy mountains of the Alps where my father had lived, I'd rather be a tree grown on the land of China," Imas read aloud. "I choose to stay in China to express my gratitude to the Chinese people, and to show my commitment with my heart and soul."