2019春晚高考英语考点篇：文化
一、文化的重要
文化可谓是博大精深，更是中华文明五千年的血脉和基因，而每年的春晚更是中国文化脉络的一面镜子！
但是作为高三考生必须通过春晚的表层视宴，看到其所折射的高考英语的考点，这些考点也是英语学科的核心素养的文化品格，因此文化意识的命题能够体现英语学科核心素养的价值取向。
二、高考的必考点
如2018年上海高考英语中的小猫钓鱼（即选词填空或11选10）体现了对学生文化意识的培育，增强学生的国家认同感，坚定其文化自信。选词填空的语篇谈到某些英语单词源于中国方言，体现中国文化对世界语言文化的贡献，在语言考察中融入了中华文化的浸润。
A. committed B. compared C. contact
D. delegation E. destructive
F. humble G. negotiate H. respelled
I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessed
Some Very “American” Words Come from Chinese
Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let’s start with them.
kowtow
The English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head." It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___ – such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.
It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.
gung-ho
Another borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term -- gōngyè hézuòshè -- means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "...all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over." He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion." From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.
typhoon
In English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans." The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind." The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word – typhoon – was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.
(语料来源：
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/some-very-american-words-come-from-chinese/4243248.html)
一、参考答案：FJGDC AKEIH
二、命题思路：
1. 转化法：contact n./v.
2. 缀合法：
（1）commit-committed
spell-respelled witness- witnessed
（2）destroy-destructive
（3）superior-superiors similiar-similarity
3. 原形： delegation humble
三、春晚中的文化
- 中国的传统文化继承：打糍粑
2.中国汉字的博大精深：妙言趣语
四、因此从文化的视角命制高考试题是重中之重！
这次我们团队选择三篇选自英文外刊中关于文化的文章，从语法填空、小猫钓鱼和完型填空视角命制原创语篇考查学生在文化的语篇语境下的语法能力、词汇能力和语篇的衔接和连贯能力等。
（一）语法填空
Convention to ‘preserve the intangible’
In 1972, Unesco, the education, science and culture agency of the United Nations (UN), adopted a convention for the protection of important world cultural heritage. The problem was ___21___ there was a built-in injustice right from the get-go: Compared to Africa and Asia, a disproportionately high number of items in Europe ___22___ (appear) on the protected list. Therefore, the question that had to be asked was, from a(n) ___23___ (broad) human perspective, were ancient, inanimate stone buildings really the only things worth ___24____ (protect)?
Of course not. This is why, in 2003, Unesco adopted a convention to ‘preserve the intangible,’ and many developing-world countries were quick to get their traditions included on the official list. But it would take almost 10 years for “Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intagible Cultural Heritage” ___25___ (approve) by the Scandinavian countries – and ___26___ is only now that work has begun in earnest.
Annika Sj?berg is responsible for coordinating the work of the agency in Sweden. She has been, and continues to be, filled ___27___ suggestions of intangible cultural heritage worthy of protection, submitted by ___28___ (commmit) citizens and organizations wanting to see their particular traditions included on the list that should be ready sometime in the next couple of years. Only once this work is complete may the process of nominating one or more of these suggestions for inclusion on the official Unesco list begin.
“Of course, many people have suggested midsummer celebrations, ___29___ we expected. One tradition that I personally think is particularly exciting is children’s schoolyard games. These include clapping and singing games such as Bro bro breja and So makaroni that ___30___ (pass) down from generation to generation but not documented particularly well.”(281 语法填空）（
https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/lifestyle/what-is-cultural-heritage-and-how-do-we-protect-it）
二、小猫钓鱼
A. recognized B. agreement C. shelters
D. contribute E.proposal
F. implements G.route H. assess
I. initiative J. ensure K. innovative
Italy and UNESCO Create Task Force to Protect Culture
Today, the government of Italy and the UN’s cultural agency UNESCO signed in Rome a landmark agreement to establish a Task Force to protect ancient cultural artifacts from the hands of extremists in crisis areas. The ___31___ was signed by Italy’s Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni and UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova during a ceremony held at the Baths of Diocletian, an architectural landmark from ancient Roman times.
The "Unite for Heritage" Task Force will see the deployment of specialized personnel from the Carabinieri special unit for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, as well as civilian experts and private citizens with ___32___ expertise in the sector.
The Task Force’s main goal is to ___33___ the risks and quantify the damage to cultural heritage in crisis areas, devise action plans, perform technical supervision, provide training courses for local staff, assist with the transport of movable objects to safe ___34___ and strengthen the fight against looting and the illegal traffic in cultural artifacts. The new agreement also establishes the International Training and Research Center on the Economics of Culture and World Heritage, a specialized center that will be based in Turin, Italy, where experts in the cultural-heritage-protection sector will be able to receive training.
The new ___35___ sets out to reinforce UNESCO’s Unite for Heritage (#Unite4Heritage) campaign launched in June 2015, which seeks to protect cultural heritage around the world from illicit trafficking and destruction. The UN agency’s strategy calls on Member States to ___36___ with rapid deployment of national expertise in emergency situations under the agency's overall coordination.
Italy is the first country to have answered the call by proposing to UNESCO the "Blue Helmets of Culture", i.e., the establishment of a rapid response team to ___37___ the safety of cultural heritage and fight illegal trafficking. The Italian ___38___ was unanimously adopted by the UN body’s 38th General Conference on November 18, 2015.
UNESCO hopes that other countries will take similar steps to reinforce the international community’s ability to respond to the growing threats facing cultural heritage around the globe. Ms. Bokova stressed that the establishment of the Task Force directly ___39___ the strategy adopted by Member States at the General Conference in November.
“The agreement is a major and ___40___ step in our effort to gain recognition for the importance of cultural heritage in cementing identity, building social cohesion and fostering resilience in times of crisis,” Ms. Bokova said.（413 选词填空）
（https://italyun.esteri.it/rappresentanza_onu/en/comunicazione/archivio-news/2016/02/italy-and-unesco-create-task-force.html）
（三） 完型填空
Protect Environment to Save Cultural Heritage – Terrelonge
State Minister for Culture, Gender, Entertainment and Sport, Hon. Alando Terrelonge, says Jamaicans need to adopt a new attitude geared towards protecting the environment in order to preserve the country’s cultural heritage. He said that youth must be sensitised from early about the ___41___ elements of preserving one’s culture. “If we don’t ___42___ a new culture that sees us having a zero ___43___ as it relates to pollution, then it’s only going to get worse. If we are truly to preserve our cultural heritage, our landscapes, our beaches our mountains, our waterfalls, all these vestiges, then we must ___44___ that our youngsters understand pollution and climate change,” he argued.
Mr. Terrelonge was speaking at the National Culture Club Conference held at the Evansville Business Complex, St. Ann’s Bay, St. Ann, on Wednesday (June 20). He said ___45___ should not only be about mathematics, science and language but should encompass the rich cultural heritage that is enjoyed as a Jamaican. In this ___46___, he encouraged all youth to ensure they become a part of the cultural clubs in their area to get a better ___47___ of the country’s rich cultural heritage.“Growing up, there were so many things that we enjoyed that we have not ___48___. We have not preserved much of our folklore, we have not preserved much of our traditions, and these are what we call the intangible aspects of our ___49___, which must be preserved,” he noted.
Mr. Terrelonge expressed the hope that with the fusion of the cultural clubs, “we can have a rebirth of some of these folklores that have been ___50___ over so many decades here in Jamaica”.Culture clubs ___51___ out of three agencies under the Ministry of Culture, Gender, Entertainment and Sport were merged in a bid to___52___ the movement. The entities are the Jamaica Cultural Development Commission (JCDC), Jamaica National Heritage Trust (JNHT), and Jamaica National Council-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (JNC-UNESCO). Interim Executive Director of the JCDC, Orville Hill, said the cultural clubs will serve as vehicles to keep students ___53___ about cultural activities, agencies and the locations of cultural sites.“We have a programme, which ___54___ many of you to engage each other in looking at greater participation in civic pride, develop respect for our Jamaican national symbols and, of course, to give greater___55___ and appreciation of a very cultural heritage,” he noted.
The National Culture Club Conference 2018 was held under the theme ‘Preserving Jamaica’s Cultural Heritage through Technology and Integration’.
（443）(完型填空）（
https://jis.gov.jm/protect-environment-to-save-cultural-heritage-terrelonge/）
